500g young salad potatoes, scrubbed and halved500g of peas in their podsA small bunch of asparagus spears200g fine green beans, trimmedA handful of slivered almonds2 sprigs of fresh mint, leaves picked and finely chopped2 springs of fresh chervil, leaves picked
For the vinaigrette:1 lemon, zested and juiced1 tsp of unrefined golden caster sugarHalf tsp of Dijon mustard4 tbsp of extra-virgin olive oilSea salt and freshly ground pepper, to your taste
Crack Para Juiced 1 17
Fill the same pan with water, add plenty of salt and bring to the boil. Add the asparagus spears and the green beans and simmer for three minutes. Then add the peas and allow them to simmer for a couple more minutes. Drain and set aside.
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When polymer composites containing magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are exposed to an alternating magnetic field, heat is generated to melt the surrounding polymer locally, partially filling voids across any cracks or deformities. Such materials are of interest for structural applications; however, structural polymers with high melting temperatures pose the challenge of generating high localised temperatures enabling self-healing. A method to prepare a multiferroic-Polyamide 6 (PA6) nanocomposite with tuneable magnetocaloric properties is reported. Tunability arises from varying the MNP material (and any coating, its dispersion, and agglomerate sizes in the nanocomposite). The superparamagnetic MNPs (SMNPs) and iron oxide MNPs with and without surface functionalization were dispersed into PA6 through in situ polymerization, and their magnetic properties were compared. Furthermore, computer simulations were used to quantify the dispersion state of MNPs and assess the influence of the interaction radius on the magnetic response of the self-healable magnetic nanoparticle polymer (SHMNP) composite. It was shown that maintaining the low interaction radius through the dispersion of the low coercivity MNPs could allow tuning of the bulk magnetocaloric properties of the resulting mesostructures. An in-situ polymerization method improved the dispersion and reduced the maximum interaction radius value from ca. 806 to 371 nm and increased the magnetic response for the silica-coated SMNP composite. This sample displayed ca. three orders of magnitude enhancement for magnetic saturation compared to the unfunctionalized Fe3O4 MNP composite.
Well-engineered magnetic nanocomposites with magnetocaloric capability are of interest in several engineering fields, including biomedical or structural self-healable magnetic nanoparticle polymer (SHMNP) composites1,2,3. Several groups worldwide are developing bulk polymer composites that can autonomously repair themselves through interaction with stimuli such as incident magnetic fields4,5,6. Furthermore, some of the authors recently reported the development of self-healing flexible composite pipelines using the magnetocaloric effect7. In that work7, a composite multilayer tape consisting of a low melting temperature SHMNP sandwiched between a high melting point thermoplastic unidirectional fibre-reinforced prepreg or tape formed the basis of the self-healing pipe. When this tape was exposed to microwave radiation, the constituent polymer was shown to melt due to the magnetocaloric effect of nanoparticles dispersed within the structure7. This was due to the formation of a liquified (melted) polymer that filled the microcracks in the composite pipe (made up of unidirectional fibre-reinforced prepreg), causing the composite to self-heal. In this space, the optimization of the magnetic properties of the magnetic tape is essential for successful energy-efficient self-healing.
Many parameters, such as the choice of magnetic material, size and composition of MNPs, polymer type, and dispersion of MNPs in the polymer matrix, contribute to tuning the magnetocaloric properties of the SHMNP composites. Furthermore, maximisation of the saturation magnetisation to coercivity ratio for any material increases magnetocaloric efficiency. Low magnetic coercivity with appropriate degree of crystallinity is important to increase magnetic heating efficiency8. For example, the cubic phase crystalline gadolinium oxide nanoparticles with a low Curie temperature and coercivity is an ideal material with low coercivity for use in these self-healing structures, but its cost is prohibitive for the majority of applications9.
It should be noted that the particle aggregation effects were particularly apparent only in the case of low MNP contents; hence, the authors only tested the SHMNP composites with 1 wt% MNPs. The effect on the magnetic response suppression due to the silica coating was evaluated and is discussed here. The magnetic properties of the MNPs with and without functionalization and all the synthesized SHMNP composite samples were assessed by magnetization curves at temperatures of 100 and 400 K. The hysteresis loops showed ferromagnetic behaviour, although the variation due to the dispersion of MNPs resulting from silica coating was clearly distinguishable, as seen in Fig. 4a,b. On application of a homogeneous magnetic field of 50,000 Oe (full-scale plots included in Supplementary Data Section S5) at 100 K, the MNPs showed a magnetic moment ratio (Mr/Ms) of remanence magnetization (Mr) to saturation (Ms), as listed in Table S4 (in Supplementary Data Section S5), of 28.0 and 6.8% for uncoated Fe3O4 and superparamagnetic MNPs, respectively; for coated Fe3O4 and SMNPs, it was 34.2 and 7.7%, respectively, at 400 K (as listed in Table S5 in Supplementary Data Section S5), and the ratio was 17.1 and 1.4% for uncoated MNPs and 15.1 and 0.9% for coated MNPs, respectively. Here, the drop in the magnetic moment ratio was observed with the silica coatings of MNPs as a result of suppression of the magnetic remanence caused by the diamagnetic silica layer on the surface.
Simulated representation included with the interaction radius (IR) of the individual nanoparticle/agglomerates present in the synthesized nanocomposite (1 μm3) for Fe3O4 samples (a) sample B, (b) sample C and superparamagnetic samples (c) sample D, (d) sample E, respectively (herein, black spheres represent Fe3O4 and red spheres are for superparamagnetic nanoparticle/agglomerates, respectively.) (e) Correlation between blocking temperature and interaction radius of the SHMNP samples.
A high blocking temperature is required for applications such as structural self-healing, where the surrounding polymer matrix should melt to heal cracks and deformities in the material structure. If heating of the MNPs stops at lower temperatures, the materials will not melt high modulus polymers such as PA6. The requirement of achieving high temperature overrides the efficiency goal. To assess the key parameters required to achieve the requirement, the data on the interaction ratio (IR) and blocking temperature values were used.
Using a viable method, the correlation between the magnetic properties of SHMNP composites, the dispersion state and filler material of MNPs, was established, and a clear understanding of the interaction between the dispersion state and the material properties in the SHMNP composites was developed. 3D modeling of the MNP dispersion and magnetic properties of the SHMNP composites showed that a lower calculated interaction ratio equated to a better dispersion. The TEM, XRD and SAXS characterization results showed that silica functionalization on the MNPs reduced the interaction ratio and, therefore, improved the dispersion of the filler materials. To prepare self-healable PA6 nanocomposites suitable for structural applications, it is essential to coat the MNPs such that they provide good dispersion but retain their magnetic properties. Moreover, to achieve high temperature in composites for local melting of the polymer phase (for self-healing of the structure), low coercivity MNPs should be used. The SHMNP composite prepared using the silica-coated SMNPs (containing particles with superparamagnetic behaviour) showed exceptional magnetic behaviour compared to any other magnetite-containing SHMNP composite samples reported, with almost zero coercivity and the least remanence magnetization (including enhanced superparamagnetic response) compared to the paramagnetic Fe3O4 SHMNP composites. Such a material with a low interaction radius is presumed to be the most suitable for self-healable polymer nanocomposites suitable for structural applications. 2ff7e9595c
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